Vitamin D supports calcium and phosphorus balance and is essential for bone mineralization, muscle function and immune activity. Deficiency is common and may be addressed by dietary sources, sunlight exposure or supplements under guidance. Intake needs vary with age, sun exposure and health status.
Vitamin E is a group of fat‑soluble tocopherols found in seeds, oils, nuts and leafy greens, prized for protecting lipids and cell membranes from oxidative damage. Alpha‑tocopherol is the most biologically active form and is widely used in dietary supplements and topical products.
Vitamin K2 is a family of menaquinones made by gut bacteria and found in animal and fermented foods, involved in calcium handling and normal clotting processes. It supports functions related to bone mineralization and proper calcium distribution. Individual needs and interactions with medications can vary.
Vitamin C is an essential water-soluble nutrient found in citrus, berries, peppers and leafy greens that supports collagen production, antioxidant defenses, and iron absorption. It contributes to tissue maintenance, daily vitality and the activity of immune cells, although individual responses to supplementation may vary.
Vitamin B12 is a group of cobalt-containing, water-soluble cobalamins important for red blood cell production, DNA synthesis and nervous system maintenance. Supplemental forms include methylcobalamin, adenosylcobalamin, hydroxocobalamin and cyanocobalamin and are available as tablets, capsules, powders, liquids and injectable preparations for people with low dietary intake.
Essential for DNA synthesis and healthy red‑cell formation, Vitamin B9 supports tissue growth, energy metabolism, nervous system function and amino acid production from dietary folates and supplemental forms. Particularly important in early pregnancy and for reducing fatigue linked to impaired blood cell production.
Vitamin A is a fat‑soluble nutrient found in liver, fish oils, dairy, eggs and as provitamin A carotenoids in vegetables. It supports vision, skin integrity and immune cell function while being stored in the liver and adipose tissue. Excess supplemental intake may pose risks in pregnancy and for smokers.
Biotin is a water‑soluble B vitamin involved in macronutrient metabolism and contributing to skin, hair and nail health. It is commonly sourced from liver, egg yolk, yeast and whole grains and is also produced by gut microbes. Individual responses to supplementation vary.